Assessment of aortic stiffness in computed tomography – methodology of radiological examination from 2000 to 2020

Introduction
Vascular elasticity may be a predictive factor of various diseases. Although stiffening is thought to be a natural consequence of ageing, it can be accelerated by a number of pathological conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, or renal diseases. Aim of the study was to discuss the methodology used to assess aortic stiffness, with particular emphasis on radiological examination.

Material and methods
The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were screened from inception to the year 2000 by 2 independent analysts initially working separately and then comparing their results.

Results
Assessment of stiffness can be divided into methods not requiring computed tomography scan, such as tonometry of carotid femoral pulse wave velocity, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and cardio ankle vascular index, and methods requiring it, such as multidetector row computed tomography – ECG gated, in which indexes such as aortic distensibility, aortic stiffness, and aortic compliance can be obtained with simultaneous calcification evaluation based on the Agatston score.

Discussion
Aortic stiffness was corelated with left ventricular afterload, prehypertension, coronary artery plaques, prediction of coronary artery diseases, bone demineralization, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions
Being a factor of various severe diseases, aortic stiffness may play an important role in the early detection of patients requiring additional medical care.